Architecture General Terms
suburb (N.): an area where people live that is outside the **centre of a city
urban (adj): connected with a town or city
Structural elements
A grandfather clock (also a longcase clock, tall-case clock, grandfather's clock, hall clock or floor clock) is a tall, freestanding, weight-driven pendulum clock, with the pendulum held inside the tower or waist of the case. Clocks of this style are commonly 1.8–2.4 metres (6–8 feet) tall with an enclosed pendulum and weights, suspended by either cables or chains, which have to be occasionally calibrated to keep the proper time.
A block and tackle or only tackle is a system of two or more pulleys with a rope or cable threaded between them, usually used to lift heavy loads.
A pile or piling is a vertical structural element of a deep foundation, driven or drilled deep into the ground at the building site. A deep foundation is a type of foundation that transfers building loads to the earth farther down from the surface than a shallow foundation does to a subsurface layer or a range of depths.
deep foundation
A lean-to is a type of simple structure originally added to an existing building with the rafters "leaning" against another wall. Free-standing structures open on one or more sides (colloquially referred to as lean-tos in spite of being unattached to anything) are generally used as shelters.
lean-tos (plural)
by-line: a line at the beginning or end of a piece of writing in a newspaper or magazine that gives the writer’s name
Door
hatch: Cửa sập, cửa hầm; an opening or a door in a ship, aircraft or spacecraft
Window
grating: a flat frame with metal bars across it, used to cover a window, a hole in the ground, etc.
A casement window is a window that is attached to its frame by one or more hinges at the side. They are used singly or in pairs within a common frame, in which case they are hinged on the outside.
A windowsill (also written window sill or window-sill, and less frequently in British English, cill) is the horizontal structure or surface at the bottom of a window. Window sills serve to structurally support and hold the window in place.
A corkscrew is a tool for drawing corks from wine bottles and other household bottles that may be sealed with corks.
A chimney breast is a portion of a chimney which projects forward from a wall to accommodate a fireplace. Typically on the ground floor of a structure, the masonry extends upwards, containing a flue which carries smoke out of the building through a chimney stack. Chimney jambs similarly project from the wall, but they do so on either side of the fireplace and serve to support the chimney breast. The interior of a chimney breast is commonly filled with brickwork or concrete.
A wing is part of a building – or any feature of a building – that is subordinate to the main, central structure. The individual wings may directly adjoin the main building or may be built separately and joined to it by a connecting structure such as a colonnade or pergola.
a condominium or condo (= an apartment building or group of houses in which each flat/house is owned by the person living in it but the shared areas are owned by everyone together; a flat/house in such a building or group of houses)
concor; condor
wall
alcove: is a small recessed section of a room or an arched opening (as in a wall). the section is partially enclosed by such vertical elements as walls, pillars and balustrades.
distinguish: conclave
recess: a part of a wall that is set further back than the rest of the wall, forming a space fence vs wall vs fencepost
a terrace (sân thượng) is an external, raised, open, flat area in either a landscape (such as a park or garden) near a building, or as a roof terrace on a flat roof.
steeple; steep(v.)
a gable is the generally triangular portion of a wall between the edges of intersecting roof pitches. the shape of the gable and how it is detailed depends on the structural system used, which reflects climate, material availability, and aesthetic concerns. The term gable wall or gable end more commonly refers to the entire wall, including the gable and the wall below it.
Garden & Outdoor
A pergola (or arbor, bower) is most commonly an outdoor garden feature forming a shaded walkway, passageway, or sitting area of vertical posts or pillars that usually support cross-beams and a sturdy open lattice, often upon which woody vines are trained.
A gazebo is a pavilion structure, sometimes octagonal or turret-shaped, often built in a park, garden, or spacious public area.
Road, floor & public traffic infrastructures
broken asphalt pavement debris
thoroughfare: a public road or street used by traffic, especially a main road in a city or town
boulevard (N.): a wide city street, often with trees on either side
A curb (American English) or kerb (British English) is the edge where a raised sidewalk or road median/central reservation meets a street or other roadway.
flagged floor: covered with large flat stones (called flagstones)
mow/mown: to cut grass, etc. using a machine or tool with a special blade (= sharp cutting edge) or blades
A causeway is a track, road or railway on the upper point of an embankment across "a low, or wet place, or piece of water". It can be constructed of earth, masonry, wood, or concrete.
The Hindenburgdamm Rail Causeway across the Wadden Sea to the island of Sylt in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
Types of rooms
A conservatory is a building or room having glass or other transparent roofing and walls, used as a greenhouse or a sunroom.
An attic (sometimes referred to as a loft) is a space found directly below the pitched roof of a house or other building. It is also known as a sky parlor[1] or a garret.
stable (N.): chuồng ngựa
stable (adj): ổn định
corral (N.): (in North America) an area with a fence around it, for horses, cows, etc. on a farm or ranch
Building materials - Vật liệu xây dựng
building material: vật liệu xây dựng
lath and plaster
Lath: wooden strips to which plaster is applied
Rebar (short for reinforcement bar or reinforcing bar), known when massed as reinforcing steel or steel reinforcement, is a tension device added to concrete to form reinforced concrete and reinforced masonry structures to strengthen and aid the concrete under tension.
Living room - Phòng khách
A sofa bed or sofa-bed (in the US often called a sofabed, hide-a-bed, bed-couch, sleeper-sofa, or pullout sofa) is a multifunctional furniture typically consisting of a sofa or couch that, underneath its seating cushions, hides a metal frame and thin mattress that can be unfolded or opened up to make a bed.
Fireplace grate: a metal frame for holding the wood or coal in a fireplace.
A carpet (thảm lót sàn) is a textile floor covering typically consisting of an upper layer of pile attached to a backing. The pile was traditionally made from wool, but since the 20th century synthetic fibers such as polypropylene, nylon, or polyester have often been used, as these fibers are less expensive than wool.
Tapestry is a form of textile art, traditionally woven by hand on a loom. Normally it is used to create images rather than patterns. Tapestry is relatively fragile, and difficult to make, so most historical pieces are intended to hang vertically on a wall (or sometimes in tents), or sometimes horizontally over a piece of furniture such as a table or bed.
A cistern (from Middle English cisterne; from Latin cisterna, from cista 'box'; from Ancient Greek κίστη (kístē) 'basket') is a waterproof receptacle for holding liquids, usually water. Cisterns are often built to catch and store rainwater. To prevent leakage, the interior of the cistern is often lined with hydraulic plaster.
Water tank (bồn chứa nước bà nội bán)
A hearth (lò sưởi) is the place in a home where a fire is or was traditionally kept for home heating and for cooking, usually constituted by at least a horizontal hearthstone and often enclosed to varying degrees by any combination of reredos (a low, partial wall behind a hearth), fireplace, oven, smoke hood, or chimney.
hearth tale, Hearthstone
brazier (N.): lò than hồng; a large metal container that holds a fire and is used to keep people warm when they are outside
hearth (N.): the floor at the bottom of a fireplace (= the space for a fire in the wall of a room); the area in front of this
"Brazzers" is the name of an adult website.
Bedroom
bolsters (gối ôm)
bedstead: the framework of a bed on which the mattress is placed.
footboard (foot-board): an upright panel forming the foot of a bed.
Wine cellar
- cask: a small wooden barrel used for storing liquids, especially alcoholic drinks; the amount contained in a cask English wine cask
Defensive architecture, Castle
Embrasure (gunhole) is the opening in a battlement between two raised solid portions (merlons).
rampart: a high wide wall of stone or earth with a path on top, built around a castle, town, etc. to defend it
parapet: a low wall along the edge of a bridge, a roof, etc. to stop people from falling
A drawbridge or draw-bridge is a type of moveable bridge typically at the entrance to a castle or tower surrounded by a moat. In some forms of English, including American English, the word drawbridge commonly refers to all types of moveable bridges, such as bascule bridges, vertical-lift bridges and swing bridges, but this article concerns the narrower historical definition where the bridge is used in a defensive structure.
A moat is a deep, broad ditch dug around a castle, fortification, building, or town, historically to provide it with a preliminary line of defence. Moats can be dry or filled with water.
portcullis (cửa song sắt)
A battlement (thành lũy, chiến lũy), in defensive architecture, such as that of city walls or castles, comprises a parapet (a defensive low wall between chest-height and head-height), in which gaps or indentations, which are often rectangular, occur at intervals to allow for the launch of arrows or other projectiles from within the defences.
embankment: a wall or bank of stone or earth made to keep water back or to carry a road or railway over low ground.
motte-and-bailey
A motte-and-bailey castle is a European fortification with a wooden or stone keep situated on a raised area of ground called a motte, accompanied by a walled courtyard, or bailey, surrounded by a protective ditch and palisade.
A palisade, sometimes called a stakewall or a paling, is typically a row of closely placed, high vertical standing tree trunks or wooden or iron stakes used as a fence for enclosure or as a defensive wall. Palisades can form a stockade.
Building names
A cofferdam (Tường trụ đập, còn được gọi tường trụ ngăn nước) is an enclosure built within a body of water to allow the enclosed area to be pumped out or drained.
A château (French pronunciation: ʃɑto; plural: châteaux) is a manor house, or palace, or residence of the lord of the manor, or a fine country house of nobility or gentry, with or without fortifications, originally, and still most frequently, in French-speaking regions.
A morgue (nhà xác) or mortuary (in a hospital or elsewhere) is a place used for the storage of human corpses awaiting identification (ID), removal for autopsy, respectful burial, cremation or other methods of disposal.
mausoleum: lăng mộ, lăng tẩm
- shanty: a small house, built of pieces of wood, metal and cardboard, where very poor people live, especially on the edge of a big city
- shantytown
hovel: a house or room that is not fit to live in because it is dirty or in very bad condition
shack (N.): a small building, usually made of wood or metal, that has not been built well
ghetto (N.): a poor area of a city where a particular group of people live isolated from the rest of the population, for example people of the same ethnic group or background
Irrigation
An embankment bờ kè nhân tạo (artificial) is a raised wall, bank or mound made of earth or stones, that are used to hold back water or carry a roadway.
Irrigation (thủy lợi, also referred to as watering of plants) is the practice of applying controlled amounts of water to land to help grow crops, landscape plants, and lawns.
A sluice is a water channel containing a sluice gate, a type of lock to manage the water flow and water level. It can also be an open channel which processes material, such as a river sluice used in gold prospecting or fossicking.
Bridges
Cầu dầm (beam bridge)
A beam (dầm) is a structural element that primarily resists loads applied laterally (vuông góc) across the beam's axis (an element designed to carry a load pushing parallel to its axis would be a strut, thanh chống or column). Dầm là một cấu ngang chịu lực, thường được đặt nằm ngang, có tác dụng đỡ các bản sàn, mái hoặc tường, và truyền tải trọng xuống các cột hoặc tường chịu lực
Truss (hay còn gọi là dàn, giàn, vì kèo) là một kết cấu dạng khung, được tạo thành từ các thanh beam (thường là thép hoặc nhôm) được liên kết với nhau bởi các nodes theo một hình dạng nhất định để chịu lực và phân phối tải trọng thay vì dùng girder beam.
Truss bridge (cầu giàn) ví dụ cầu Long Biên