Politic & Warfare glossary
IRS (cục thuế Hoa Kỳ)
Government bodies
Legislature: cơ quan lập pháp
A grand duchy is a country or territory whose official head of state or ruler is a monarch bearing the title of grand duke or grand duchess.
A duchy, also called a dukedom, is a country, territory, fief, or domain ruled by a duke or duchess, a ruler hierarchically second to the king or queen in Western European tradition.
The Duchy of Warsaw
Ideology
A paramilitary (Tổ chức bán quân sự) is a military that is not a part of a country's official or legitimate armed forces. The Oxford English Dictionary traces the use of the term "paramilitary" as far back as 1934.
Totalitarianism (chủ nghĩa toàn trị) is a political system and a form of government that prohibits opposition political parties, disregards and outlaws the political claims of individual and group opposition to the state, and controls the public sphere and the private sphere of society.
totalitarian regime
Fanaticism (Chủ nghĩa cuồng tín, from the Latin adverb fānāticē [fren-fānāticus; enthusiastic, ecstatic; raging, fanatical, furious]) is a belief or behavior involving uncritical zeal or an obsessive enthusiasm.
Antisemitism (Chủ nghĩa bài Do Thái) or Jew-hatred is hostility to, prejudice towards, or discrimination against, Jews. This sentiment is a form of racism, and a person who harbours it is called an antisemite.
Semites, Semitic peoples or Semitic cultures is an obsolete term for an ethnic, cultural or racial group.
Centrism (chủ nghĩa trung dung) is the range of political ideologies that exist between left-wing politics and right-wing politics on the left–right political spectrum. It is associated with moderate politics, including people who strongly support moderate policies and people who are not strongly aligned with left-wing or right-wing policies. Centrism is commonly associated with liberalism, radical centrism, and agrarianism.
Patriotism (chủ nghĩa yêu nước) is the feeling of love, devotion, and a sense of attachment to a country or state. This attachment can be a combination of different feelings for things such as the language of one's homeland, and its ethnic, cultural, political, or historical aspects. It may encompass a set of concepts closely related to nationalism, mostly civic nationalism and sometimes cultural nationalism.
patriotic activities, patriots
Chauvinism (Chủ nghĩa Sô vanh) is the unreasonable belief in the superiority or dominance of one's own group or people, who are seen as strong and virtuous, while others are considered weak, unworthy, or inferior.
Conservatism (Chủ nghĩa bảo thủ) is a cultural, social, and political philosophy and ideology that seeks to promote and preserve traditional institutions, customs, and values.
Xenophobia (bài ngoại; from Ancient Greek: ξένος (xénos), 'strange, foreign, or alien', and φόβος (phóbos), 'fear') is the fear or dislike of anything that is perceived as being foreign or strange. It is an expression that is based on the perception that a conflict exists between an in-group and an out-group and it may manifest itself in suspicion of one group's activities by members of the other group, a desire to eliminate the presence of the group that is the target of suspicion, and fear of losing a national, ethnic, or racial identity.
Anarchy (vô chính phủ) is a form of society without rulers. As a type of stateless society, it is commonly contrasted with states, which are centralised polities that claim a monopoly on violence over a permanent territory. Example: Minecraft Anarchy Server 2b2t
Fatalism: the belief that events are decided by fate and that you cannot control them; the fact of accepting that you cannot prevent something from happening
Liberalism (Chủ nghĩa tự do) is a political and moral philosophy based on the rights of the individual, liberty, consent of the governed, political equality, right to private property and equality before the law. Liberals espouse various and often mutually warring views depending on their understanding of these principles but generally support private property, market economies, individual rights (including civil rights and human rights), liberal democracy, secularism, rule of law, economic and political freedom, freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly, and freedom of religion.
egalitarianism: chủ nghĩa quân bình hay chủ nghĩa cào bằng
left-wing = the party of movement = liberal right-wing = the party of order = conservative centrist is in the middle
Belligerents: (formal) a country or group that is fighting a war
In military organizations, an artillery battery (trận địa pháo) is a unit or multiple systems of artillery, mortar systems, rocket artillery, multiple rocket launchers, surface-to-surface missiles, ballistic missiles, cruise missiles, etc., so grouped to facilitate better battlefield communication and command and control, as well as to provide dispersion for its constituent gunnery crews and their systems. The term is also used in a naval context to describe groups of guns on warships.
interregnum: (formal) a period of time during which a country, an organization, etc. does not have a leader and is waiting for a new one
In the politics of representative democracies, a political machine is a party organization that recruits its members by the use of tangible incentives (such as money or political jobs) and that is characterized by a high degree of leadership control over member activity. The machine's power is based on the ability of the boss or group to get out the vote for their candidates on election day.
A morning star (chùy sao mai; German: Morgenstern) is any of several medieval club-like weapons consisting of a shaft with an attached ball adorned with one or more spikes, each used, to varying degrees, with a combination of blunt-force and puncture attack to kill or wound the enemy.
megalopolis: a very large city or group of cities where a great number of people live
metropolis: a large, important city (often the capital city of a country or region)
A helicopter (Máy bay trực thăng) is a type of rotorcraft in which lift and thrust are supplied by horizontally spinning rotors. This allows the helicopter to take off and land vertically, to hover, and to fly forward, backward and laterally. English language nicknames for "helicopter" include "chopper", "copter", "heli", and "whirlybird".
necropolis: a cemetery (= place where dead people are buried), especially a large one in an ancient city
graveyard
insurgent: (formal) a person fighting against the government or armed forces of their own country
arsenal: a collection of weapons such as guns and explosives
The Arsenal Football Club
mutiny: nổi loạn; the act of refusing to obey the orders of somebody in authority, especially by soldiers or sailors
mutineer: a person who takes part in a mutiny
defect: to leave a political party, country, etc. to join another that is considered to be an enemy
defect (v.): (1) khuyết điểm, nhược điểm; (2 verb) bỏ trốn, đào tẩu, đào ngũ
desert: (1-Noun) sa mạc; (2-adj) hẻo lánh, vắng vẻ => pronounce differently
desert (verb), desertion (N.): bỏ trốn, đào tẩu
deserted, desertion
dessert (N.): sweet food eaten at the end of a meal
Mobilization (Tổng động viên, alternatively spelled as mobilisation) is the act of assembling and readying military troops and supplies for war. The word mobilization was first used in a military context in the 1850s to describe the preparation of the Prussian Army. Mobilization theories and tactics have continuously changed since then. The opposite of mobilization is demobilization.
regent (N.): nhiếp chính
Lord regent
regency (N.): a period of government by a regent (= a person who rules a country in place of the king or queen)
consort (N.): the husband or wife of a king, queen, ruler, etc.; consortium (N.) dowager (N.): a woman of high social rank who has a title from her dead husband
Abolitionism (phong trào bãi nô), or the abolitionist movement, is the movement to end slavery and liberate enslaved individuals around the world.
abolitionist
Martial law (thiết quân luật) is the replacement of civilian government by military rule and the suspension of civilian legal processes for military powers. Martial law can continue for a specified amount of time, or indefinitely, and standard civil liberties may be suspended for as long as martial law continues.
Hegemony (bá quyền) is the political, economic, and military predominance of one state over other states, either regional or global.
political spectrum: phổ chính trị
radical politic: chính trị cấp tiến, chính trị quá khích
radical word definition; radicalize
Proscription: lệnh bài xích
prescription
Fascism (Chủ nghĩa phát xít) is a far-right, authoritarian, and ultranationalist political ideology and movement, characterized by a dictatorial leader, centralized autocracy, militarism, forcible suppression of opposition, belief in a natural social hierarchy, subordination of individual interests for the perceived good of the nation or race, and strong regimentation of society and the economy.
In political science, a reactionary (phản động, chủ nghĩa phản động) or a reactionist is a person who holds political views that favor a return to the status quo ante—the previous political state of society—which the person believes possessed positive characteristics that are absent from contemporary society.
In ethical philosophy, utilitarianism is a family of normative ethical theories that prescribe actions that maximize happiness and well-being for the affected individuals. In other words, utilitarian ideas encourage actions that lead to the greatest good for the greatest number.
Pragmatic
Democracy (dân chủ, from Ancient Greek: δημοκρατία, romanized: dēmokratía, dēmos 'people' and kratos 'rule') is a system of government in which state power is vested in the people or the general population of a state. Under a minimalist definition of democracy, rulers are elected through competitive elections while more expansive definitions link democracy to guarantees of civil liberties and human rights in addition to competitive elections.
democrat (N.): a person who believes in or supports democracy
democratic
Constitutional monarchy (Quân chủ lập hiến), also known as limited monarchy, parliamentary monarchy or democratic monarchy, is a form of monarchy in which the monarch exercises their authority in accordance with a constitution and is not alone in making decisions. Constitutional monarchies differ from absolute monarchies (in which a monarch is the only decision-maker) in that they are bound to exercise powers and authorities within limits prescribed by an established legal framework.
despotic monarch: quân chủ chuyên chế
Imperialism (Chủ nghĩa đế quốc) is maintaining or extending power over foreign nations, particularly through expansionism, employing both hard power (military and economic power) and soft power (diplomatic power and cultural imperialism). Imperialism focuses on establishing or maintaining hegemony and a more or less formal empire.
Warfare units
Companies: military units, typically made up of 75 to 200 soldiers
vanguard: the part of an army, etc. that is at the front when moving forward to attack the enemy
vanguard Dota 2
Infantry (bộ binh)
Cavalry: kỵ binh; (in the past) the part of the army that fought on horses; the part of the modern army that uses armoured vehicles
The Luftwaffe was the aerial-warfare branch of the German Wehrmacht before and during World War II.
muster (duyệt binh)
garrison (quân đồn trú)
garrote
contingent (toán quân)
mercenary; sellsword: lính đánh thuê
insurrection: cuộc nổi dậy, a situation in which a large group of people try to take political control of their own country with violence
Tactics
consolidation: hợp binh
vanquish (verb): đánh bại. Distinguish: extinguish, anguish, vanish, conquer
#The Vanquisher of Death
capitulate (verb): to stop resisting an enemy and accept that you are defeated
Offensive: attacking
sortie: a flight that is made by an aircraft during military operations; an attack made by soldiers
rout (đại bại, đám bại binh) a situation in which somebody is defeated easily and completely in a battle or competition
sally (đột kích bất ngờ)
incursion: a sudden attack on a place by foreign armies, etc.
incendiary: designed to cause fires
foray: đột kích; a short sudden attack made by a group of soldiers
detachment: a group of soldiers, ships, etc. sent away from a larger group, especially to do special duties
skirmish: a short fight between small groups of soldiers, etc., especially one that is not planned
scale wall: climb wall; scale something (formal) to climb to the top of something very high and steep
Conscription (nghĩa vụ quân sự, Chế độ quân dịch bắt buộc), also known as the draft in American English, is the practice in which the compulsory enlistment in a national service, mainly a military service, is enforced by law.
constipation
breach (v.): to make a hole in a wall, fence, etc. so that somebody/something can go through it
truce: an agreement between enemies or opponents to stop fighting for an agreed period of time; the period of time that this lasts
trout (N.): a common freshwater fish that is used for food. There are several types of trout.
parley: (old-fashioned) cuộc đàm phán, a discussion between enemies or people who disagree, in order to try and find a way of solving a problem
parsley: enlarge imagea plant with curly green leaves that are used in cooking as a herb and to decorate food
ransom: money that is paid to somebody so that they will set free a person who is being kept as a prisoner by them
armistice: a formal agreement during a war to stop fighting and discuss making peace
Crimes & punishments
perpetrate: (formal) to commit a crime or do something wrong or evil
penetrate: thâm nhập; xuyên qua.
accomplices: đồng phạm, a person who helps another to commit a crime or to do something wrong
apprehend
Gibbeting is the use of a gallows-type structure from which the dead or dying bodies of criminals were hanged on public display to deter other existing or potential criminals.
Title & Officer Ranks
Colonel (Col.) is a senior military officer rank used in many countries.
usurper (N.): người cướp ngôi; (formal) a person who takes somebody's position and/or power without having the right to do this
usurp (verb)
The Lord High Admiral of the United Kingdom (đô đốc of England beginning in the 14th century, later of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800) is the ceremonial head of the Royal Navy. Most have been courtiers or members of the British royal family, and not professional naval officers.
Earl (bá tước) is a rank of the nobility in the United Kingdom. In modern Britain, an earl is a member of the peerage, ranking below a marquess and above a viscount. A feminine form of earl never developed; instead, countess is used.
lord: lãnh chúa
Count (feminine: countess, Bá tước hoặc nữ bá tước) is a historical title of nobility in certain European countries, varying in relative status, generally of middling rank in the hierarchy of nobility.
statesman: a skilled, experienced, and respected political leader or figure.
delegation: đại biểu
chancellor: Chức tể tướng, thủ tướng
A viscount (for male) or viscountess (for female, tử tước) is a title used in certain European countries for a noble of varying status. The status and any domain held by a viscount is a viscountcy.
dame: (in the UK) a title given to a woman as a special honour because of the work she has done
A grenadier (lính ném lựu đạn hoặc lính phóng lựu; derived from the word grenade) was historically an assault-specialist soldier who threw hand grenades in siege operation battles. The distinct combat function of the grenadier was established in the mid-17th century, when grenadiers were recruited from among the strongest and largest soldiers.
personnel: the people who work for an organization or one of the armed forces
viceroy (phó vương) is an official who reigns over a polity in the name of and as the representative of the monarch of the territory.
Lieutenant (trung úy, abbreviated Lt., Lt, Lieut) is a junior commissioned officer rank.
A non-commissioned officer (NCO, viên chức không ủy nhiệm)
incumbent: đương nhiệm
Commodore (Phó đề đốc) is a senior naval rank used in many navies which is equivalent to brigadier or brigadier general and air commodore.
marshal: cảnh sát trưởng, nguyên soái
United States Armed Forces
United States Army (USA): Lục quân Hoa Kỳ
Navy, naval force, military maritime fleet: hải quân; Naval warfare: hải chiến
United States Marine Corps (USMC): Thủy quân lục chiến Hoa Kỳ, lính thủy đánh bộ. Phục vụ Amphibious warfare (chiến tranh đổ bộ)
Aerial warfare: chiến tranh trên không
Weapon names
A scimitar is a single-edged sword with a convex curved blade associated with Middle Eastern, South Asian, or North African cultures.
unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV, Phương tiện bay không người lái) or drone
The M142 High Mobility Artillery Rocket System (HIMARS, Hệ thống Pháo phản lực Cơ động cao M142) is a light multiple rocket launcher developed in the late 1990s for the United States Army and mounted on a standard U.S. Army Family of Medium Tactical Vehicles (FMTV) M1140 truck frame.
Flag, Coat of Arm design
A saltire, also called Saint Andrew's Cross or the crux decussata,[1] is a heraldic symbol in the form of a diagonal cross. The word comes from the Middle French sautoir, Medieval Latin saltatoria ("stirrup").
Other
Shell shock is a term that originated during World War I to describe the type of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) that many soldiers experienced during the war, before PTSD was officially recognized.
A court-martial (Tòa án quân sự hoặc tòa án thiết quân luật, plural courts-martial or courts martial, as "martial" is a postpositive adjective) is a military court or a trial conducted in such a court. A court-martial is empowered to determine the guilt of members of the armed forces subject to military law, and, if the defendant is found guilty, to decide upon punishment.