Landforms & traffic terms
Where land meets water
shore: the land along the edge of the sea, the ocean or a lake
ashore: lên bờ; towards, onto or on land, having come from an area of water such as the sea or a river
abroad, aboard
Archipelago (quần đảo): island group, island chain, a group of many islands.
Example:
Japan is an archipelagic country.
The Indonesian Archipelago, located in Asia and Oceania, is the largest archipelago in the world.
A peninsula (bán đảo) is a landform that extends from a mainland and is surrounded by water on most sides.
A promontory (mũi đất) is a raised mass of land that projects into a lowland or a body of water (in which case it is a peninsula).
pomegranate
In geography, a cape (mũi đất) is a headland, peninsula or promontory extending into a body of water, usually a sea.
Ex: mũi hảo vọng
cape: áo choàng
Bay
Scree (đá vụn) is a collection of broken rock fragments at the base of a cliff or other steep rocky mass that has accumulated through periodic rockfall. Landforms associated with these materials are often called talus deposits.
A strait (eo biển) is a water body connecting two seas or two water basins. While the landform generally constricts the flow, the surface water still flows, for the most part, at the same elevation on both sides and through the strait in both directions.
A lagoon (đầm phá, hồ nước mặn ở gần biển) is a shallow body of water separated from a larger body of water by a narrow landform, such as reefs, barrier islands, barrier peninsulas, or isthmuses.
Bodies of water
bog: wet soft ground, formed of decayed (= destroyed by natural processes) plants
River bed: đáy sông
rapid (Ghềnh):
ditch (con mương):
shoal: bãi cạn; gravel-shoals
River delta (châu thổ) Landforms created by deposition of sediment that is carried by a river. You will find these Delta where the speed of the river is slowing down (where river enter an ocean, sea, estuary, lake, reservoir, etc) Delta: a triangular spreading of the mouth of a river
Drainage basin (lưu vực, bồn địa) is a depression or a dip in the Earth’s surface. When you look at the shape, it looks like a bowl, sink.
Some basin are filled with water and some are empty. Ex: Amazon basin is the largest in the world
Glacier (sông băng)
Shore: ashore (adv): towards, onto or on land, having come from an area of water such as the sea or a river
tributary: a river or stream that flows into a larger river or a lake
mire: an area of deep mud
The term freshet is most commonly used to describe a snowmelt, an annual high water event on rivers resulting from snow and river ice melting.
Brook: a small river; Brook trong One Piece.
mere: British English, literary, a small lake
Hill (đồi) & mountain (núi)
A hillock or knoll is a small hill, usually separated from a larger group of hills such as a range. Hillocks are similar in their distribution and size to small mesas or buttes.
game trail: A path created by the repeated movement of wildlife through an area, which may be used by hikers as a navigational aid or route.
Quicksand (cát lún, also known as sinking sand) is a colloid consisting of fine granular material (such as sand, silt or clay) and water. It forms in saturated loose sand when the sand is suddenly agitated. When water in the sand cannot escape, it creates a liquefied soil that loses strength and cannot support weight.
vale: (old use or literary) (also used in modern place names) a valley, thung lũng. Example: Vale of Arryn
A dale is a valley, especially an open, gently-sloping ground between low hills with a stream flowing through it.
dell: (literary) a small valley with trees growing in or around it
veil (N.): mạng che mặt. Ex: Veil of Discord Dota 2
isle (N.): hòn đảo
gale:
chasm: (literary) a deep opening or break in the ground
schism
Hillock or knoll is a small hill
Valley: thung lũng
How valley are formed?
The head of the valley or, less commonly, the valley head, refers to the uppermost part of a valley.
mountain face (mountainside): sườn núi
gorge (hẻm núi): a deep narrow valley with steep sides
ridge: sườn núi
Vale proper: belonging to the main, most important, or typical part
precipice: a very steep side of a high cliff, mountain or rock
The brow of the hill: the top part of a hill
ravine (khe núi): a deep, very narrow valley with steep sides
Ex: Cirith Gorgor
Cleft: a natural opening or line, for example in the ground or in rock, or in a person’s chin (= part of the face below the mouth)
glens: a deep narrow valley, especially in Scotland or Ireland
precipice: vách núi; a very steep side of a high cliff, mountain or rock
precipitous
ridge: sống núi
Canyon: hẻm núi
snowdrift: tuyết trôi dạt; wind-drift
Type of land
In geography, a plain (đồng bằng hay bình nguyên), commonly known as flatland, is a flat expanse of land that generally does not change much in elevation, and is primarily treeless.
Upland and lowland are conditional descriptions of a plain based on elevation above sea level.
sward: bãi cỏ
mower: a machine that cuts grass
Plateau (cao nguyên)
quagmires: đầm lầy
A glacier (sông băng, băng hà) is a persistent body of dense ice that is constantly moving downhill under its own weight.
glazier
Ecosystems
Prairies (đồng cỏ Bắc Mỹ) are ecosystems considered part of the temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biome by ecologists, based on similar temperate climates, moderate rainfall, and a composition of grasses, herbs, and shrubs, rather than trees, as the dominant vegetation type.
Lawn
heath: a large area of open land that is not used for farming and is covered with rough grass and other small wild plants
Blasted heath: an area of uncultivated ground, damaged as by a battle. In Macbeth, the three witches meet on a "blasted heath"
tussock (bụi cỏ): a small area of grass that is longer and thicker than the grass around it.
turf: the surface layer of land on which grass is growing, consisting of the grass and the soil in which its roots grow, or a piece of this that is cut from the ground and is usually rectangular
A lawn (bãi cỏ) is an area of soil-covered land planted with grasses and other durable plants such as clover which are maintained at a short height with a lawn mower (or sometimes grazing animals) and used for aesthetic and recreational purposes—it is also commonly referred to as part of a garden.
Lawn mower
Pasture (from the Latin pastus, past participle of pascere, "to feed") is land used for grazing.
Traffic
Plants & Tree
undergrowth
overgrowth
Others
chasm: vực thẳm
stratum: địa tầng
The clearing of woods and forests is the process by which vegetation, such as trees and bushes, together with their roots are permanently removed.
fen: đầm lầy