Abrahamic religions Notes
Judaism Timeline
Hanukkah (Lễ hội Ánh sáng) is a Jewish festival commemorating the recovery of Jerusalem and subsequent rededication of the Second Temple at the beginning of the Maccabean Revolt against the Seleucid Empire in the 2nd century BCE.
Hanukkah menorah
Biblical: connected with the Bible; in the Bible
According to the Hebrew Bible, the tabernacle (lit. 'residence, dwelling place'), also known as the Tent of the Congregation (also Tent of Meeting), was the portable earthly dwelling of God used by the Israelites from the Exodus until the conquest of Canaan. Moses was instructed at Mount Sinai to construct and transport the tabernacle with the Israelites on their journey through the wilderness and their subsequent conquest of the Promised Land. After 440 years, Solomon's Temple in Jerusalem superseded it as the dwelling-place of God.
Christianity Timeline
Jesus died in 33 AD aged 33 or 38
The New Testament is writtent ~ 100-200 A.D
Constantine converted to Christianity in 321 AD. Before this year, Christianity is illegal in Rome.
The First Council of Nicaea (Công đồng Nicea thứ nhất) was a council of Christian bishops convened in the Bithynian city of Nicaea (now İznik, Turkey) by the Roman Emperor Constantine I. The Council of Nicaea met from May until the end of July 325 AD.
The Council of Ephesus was a council of Christian bishops convened in Ephesus (near present-day Selçuk in Turkey) in AD 431 by the Roman Emperor Theodosius II.
The Prophet Muhammad (c. 570 – 8 June 632 CE) bắt đầu truyền bá mở rộng Islam & persecution of Christian in Muslim lands.
Islam and Muslim mean: The word Islam literally means "submission" in Arabic, referring to submission to God. Muslim, one who practices Islam, refers to one who submits to God.
In 1054, Christianity splited into Roman Catholic speak Latin (West) in Italy and Eastern Orthodox speak Greek (East) in Contantinople.
Between 1095 and 1291, The Holy Land (land around Israel) lúc này thuộc về tay Islam. Nên Christians tập hợp tạo nên Crusades.
Scholasticism dominated education in Europe from about 1100 to 1700. The rise of scholasticism was closely associated with these schools that flourished in Italy, France, Portugal, Spain and England. Đây là lúc người ta đặt câu hỏi về God và thế giới do God tạo ra (Theology, Astronomy, Sciences, Math, Music)
The Black Death in Europe from 1346 to 1353.
The Renaissance covers the 15th and 16th centuries. After the Black Death.
The Church got corrupted, ăn hối lộ. Martin Luther (1483 – 1546) làm Protestant Reformation. Ngoài ra còn có nhiều trường phái cải cách khác ngoài Lutheranism. King Henry VIII of England also broke up with the Pope in Italy and make himself the head of the Church of England (Anglicanism). The English Reformation took place in the 16th century.
The Puritans try to purify the Church of England of everything Catholic. Some of them leave for America. Puritans were English Protestants but more radical.
John Calvin (Middle French: Jehan Cauvin; French: Jean Calvin; 1509 – 1564) was a French theologian, pastor and reformer in Geneva during the Protestant Reformation. He was a principal figure in the development of the system of Christian theology later called Calvinism, including its doctrines of predestination and of God's absolute sovereignty in the salvation of the human soul from death and eternal damnation.
Denominations & Doctrine
Arianism bắt nguồn từ Arius (c. AD 256–336).
In Christianity, evangelism or witnessing is the act of preaching the gospel with the intention of sharing the message and teachings of Jesus Christ. It is sometimes associated with Christian missions.
A religious order (dòng tu tôn giáo, tu hội) is a subgroup within a larger confessional community with a distinctive high-religiosity lifestyle and clear membership.
Benedict of Nursia (Biển Đức thành Norcia, Latin: Benedictus Nursiae; Italian: Benedetto da Norcia; 2 March 480 – 21 March 547), often known as Saint Benedict, was an Italian Catholic monk. In 1964, Pope Paul VI declared Benedict a patron saint (thánh quan thầy) of Europe.
Presbyterianism (Giáo hội Trưởng lão) is a Reformed (Calvinist) Protestant tradition named for its form of church government by representative assemblies of elders.
Anglicanism (anh giáo) is a Western Christian tradition which developed from the practices, liturgy, and identity of the Church of England following the English Reformation, in the context of the Protestant Reformation in Europe. It is one of the largest branches of Christianity, with around 110 million adherents worldwide as of 2001.
The Benedictines, officially the Order of Saint Benedict (Latin: Ordo Sancti Benedicti, abbreviated as O.S.B. or OSB), are a mainly contemplative monastic order of the Catholic Church for men and for women who follow the Rule of Saint Benedict. Initiated in 529, they are the oldest of all the religious orders in the Latin Church. The male religious are also sometimes called the Black Monks, especially in English speaking countries, after the colour of their habits, although some, like the Olivetans, wear white.
denominational: thuộc về tôn giáo; belonging to a particular branch of the Christian Church; belonging to a particular religious denomination.
non-denominational
Các ngày lễ
Shabbat (lit. 'rest' or 'cessation') or the Sabbath, also called Shabbos (UK: /ˈʃæbəs/, US: /ˈʃɑːbəs/) by Ashkenazim, is Judaism's day of rest on the seventh day of the week—i.e., Friday–Saturday. On this day, religious Jews remember the biblical stories describing the creation of the heaven and earth in six days and the redemption from slavery and the Exodus from Egypt.
Shabbat (the Sabbath) happens every week from Friday at sunset to Saturday at nightfall. It lasts about 25 hours.
Ramadan (also spelled Ramazan, Ramzan, Ramadhan, or Ramathan) is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar, observed by Muslims worldwide as a month of fasting (sawm), prayer (salah), reflection, and community.
Liturgy (nghi lễ phụng vụ) is the customary public ritual of worship performed by a religious group. As a religious phenomenon, liturgy represents a communal response to and participation in the sacred through activities reflecting praise, thanksgiving, remembrance, supplication, or repentance. It forms a basis for establishing a relationship with God.
A tract is a literary work and, in current usage, usually religious in nature. The notion of what constitutes a tract has changed over time. By the early part of the 21st century, a tract referred to a brief pamphlet used for religious and political purposes.
A deacon is a member of the diaconate, an office in Christian churches that is generally associated with service of some kind, but which varies among theological and denominational traditions.
The liturgical year (năm phụng vụ), also called the church year, Christian year, ecclesiastical calendar, or kalendar, consists of the cycle of liturgical days and seasons that determines when feast days, including celebrations of saints, are to be observed, and which portions of scripture are to be read.
Epiphany (lễ Chúa hiển linh, lễ ba vua), also known as "Theophany" in Eastern Christian tradition, is a Christian feast day commemorating the visit of the Magi, the baptism of Jesus, and the wedding at Cana.
The traditional date for the feast is January 6. However since 1970 the celebration has been held in some countries on the first Sunday after January 1.
The baptism of Jesus, the ritual purification of Jesus with water by John the Baptist, was a major event described in the three synoptic Gospels of the New Testament (Matthew, Mark and Luke). It is considered to have taken place at Al-Maghtas (also called Bethany Beyond the Jordan), today located in Jordan.
Trong Kitô giáo Đông phương, lễ Chúa Giêsu chịu phép rửa được cử hành vào ngày 6 tháng 1 (ngày theo lịch Julian, tương ứng với ngày 19 tháng 1 theo lịch Gregory). Trong Giáo hội Công giáo Rôma, Khối hiệp thông Anh giáo, các Giáo hội Luther và một số giáo phái phương Tây khác, lễ này thường được cử hành vào Chủ nhật ngay sau Lễ Hiển Linh.
Pre-Lent begins the Christian time of preparation for Easter, in the three weeks before Lent.
Lent (mùa chay, mùa bốn mươi) (Latin: Quadragesima, 'Fortieth') is the solemn Christian religious observance in the liturgical year commemorating the 40 days Jesus spent fasting in the desert and enduring temptation by Satan, according to the Gospels of Matthew, Mark and Luke, before beginning his public ministry.
Easter (lễ phục sinh), also called Pascha (Aramaic, Greek, Latin) or Resurrection Sunday, is a Christian festival and cultural holiday commemorating the resurrection of Jesus from the dead, described in the New Testament as having occurred on the third day of his burial following his crucifixion by the Romans at Calvary c. 30 AD. It is the culmination of the Passion of Jesus, preceded by Lent (or Great Lent), a 40-day period of fasting, prayer, and penance.
Thường diễn ra vào tháng 3 hoặc tháng 4 mỗi năm. Phục Sinh cũng được dùng để chỉ một mùa trong năm phụng vụ Công giáo gọi là Mùa Phục Sinh, kéo dài đúng 50 ngày, từ Chúa Nhật Phục Sinh đến Lễ Hiện Xuống.
Pentecost: Lễ Chúa Thánh Thần Hiện Xuống
Holy Communion or Eucharist: Bí tích Thánh Thể, tiệc thánh
communion: (formal) the state of sharing or exchanging thoughts and feelings; the feeling of being part of something
Agnosticism (Thuyết bất khả tri) is the view or belief that the existence of God, the divine, or the supernatural is either unknowable in principle or unknown in fact. It can also mean an apathy towards such religious belief and refer to personal limitations rather than a worldview.
Tuần bát nhật (Octave) là thời gian tám ngày mừng lễ hay kính nhớ mầu nhiệm nào đó. Hiện nay, trong lịch phụng vụ của Giáo hội chỉ còn ghi hai Bát Nhật là Bát Nhật Phục Sinh và Bát Nhật Giáng Sinh. Hai Bát Nhật mà Giáo hội mừng kính cũng kết thúc bằng hai lễ long trọng:
Bát Nhật của Giáng Sinh kết thúc vào ngày 1 tháng 1, lễ trọng kính Đức Ma-ri-a Mẹ Thiên Chúa;
Bát Nhật Phục Sinh kết thúc vào ngày lễ Chúa Nhật Áo Trắng. Bát Nhật Phục Sinh mà truyền thống Ro-ma quen gọi là Tuần lễ Áo Trắng, ra đời từ thế kỷ IV vì lúc đó Giáo hội quan tâm làm sao để các tân tòng có một huấn giáo hậu phép rửa về các mầu nhiệm mà họ đã lãnh nhận. Tuy nhiên, huấn giáo này cũng dành cho toàn thể dân chúng nữa.
Vậy, có thể hiểu rằng Tuần Bát Nhật là những ngày kéo dài lễ hội
Marian feast days (Lễ nhớ Đức Maria) in the liturgical year are celebrated in honour of the Blessed Virgin Mary. The number of Marian feasts celebrated, their names (and at times dates) can vary among Christian denominations.\
- 1 tháng 1: Mẹ Thiên Chúa, lễ trọng, ngày thứ 8 trong bát nhật giáng sinh\
- The Assumption of Mary (Lễ Đức Mẹ Hồn Xác Lên Trời ) is one of the four Marian dogmas of the Catholic Church.\
The Presentation of Jesus (Lễ Maria dâng Chúa Giêsu trong đền thánh hay còn gọi là Lễ Nến, Lễ Thanh Tẩy) is an early episode in the life of Jesus Christ, describing his presentation at the Temple in Jerusalem. It is celebrated by many churches 40 days after Christmas on Candlemas, or the "Feast of the Presentation of Jesus".
Thứ tư Lễ Tro (tiếng Anh: Ash Wednesday) là một ngày lễ của Cơ đốc giáo tập trung vào cầu nguyện và ăn chay. Nó đến sau Thứ ba Xưng Tội và là ngày bắt đầu Mùa Chay, sáu tuần lễ sám hối trước Lễ Phục sinh. Đây là ngày bắt đầu của mùa chay kéo dài tới lễ phục sinh.
References
Lịch phụng vụ Kitô giáo Tây phương có đề cập các mùa trong năm
Important Figures
Saint Stephen (Thánh Stêphanô, tử đạo) is the first martyr of Christianity.
The Twelve Apostles 12 tông đồ
Saint Paul the Apostle (sứ đồ Phao-lô) or Saul of Tarsus (c.5 – c. 64/65 AD). Paul was not one of the Twelve Apostles, and did not know Jesus during his lifetime. Paul persecuted early disciples of Jesus and later convert to Christianity. Ông được coi là "Sứ đồ của dân ngoại".
Gentile: dân ngoại, someone who is not Jewish
Purgatory: luyện ngục
Advent (mùa vọng, Latin: Adventus) is a season observed in most Christian denominations as a time of waiting and preparation for both the celebration of Jesus's birth at Christmas and the return of Christ at the Second Coming.
A chaplain (tuyên úy) is, traditionally, a cleric (such as a minister, priest, pastor, rabbi, purohit, or imam), or a lay representative of a religious tradition, attached to a secular institution (such as a hospital, prison, military unit, intelligence agency, embassy, school, labor union, business, police department, fire department, university, sports club), or a private chapel. The term chaplaincy refers to the chapel, facility or department in which one or more chaplains carry out their role.
benediction: (formal) a prayer asking God to protect somebody
Quakers (giáo hữu hội) are people who belong to the Religious Society of Friends, a historically Protestant Christian set of denominations. Members refer to each other as Friends after John 15:14 in the Bible, and originally, others referred to them as Quakers because the founder of the movement, George Fox, told a judge to quake "before the authority of God".
heathen: (old-fashioned, usually disapproving, offensive) an offensive word for somebody who has no religion or who does not follow one of one of the world’s main religions
heather
Crypto-Christianity is the secret adherence to Christianity, while publicly professing to be another faith; people who practice crypto-Christianity are referred to as "crypto-Christians". In places and time periods where Christians were persecuted or Christianity was outlawed, instances of crypto-Christianity have surfaced.
Psalmody: the singing of psalms or sacred canticles
canticle: a religious song with words taken from the Bible
Gabriel, Michael, and Raphael: three archangels (Tổng lãnh thiên thần) named in the Bible
"Old Nick" is a humorous, old-fashioned term for the devil or Satan. source in Moby Dick
After breakfast, Ishmael walks about New Bedford, winding up at Whaleman's Chapel where he notices numerous memorial tablets honoring men who died at sea. Ishmael thinks about death and immortality. He is a little surprised to see Queequeg in the congregation.
A church (or local church) is a religious organization or congregation (hiệp đoàn) that meets in a particular location. Many are formally organized, with constitutions and by-laws, maintain offices, are served by clergy or lay leaders, and, in nations where this is permissible, often seek non-profit corporate status.
Religous Titles
In Christian denominations, an archbishop (tổng giám mục) is a bishop of higher rank or office. In most cases, such as the Catholic Church, there are many archbishops who either have jurisdiction over an ecclesiastical province in addition to their own archdiocese (with some exceptions), or are otherwise granted a titular archbishopric.
A cardinal (hồng y, Latin: Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae cardinalis; lit. 'cardinal of the Holy Roman Church') is a senior member of the clergy of the Catholic Church. They are titular members of the clergy of the Diocese of Rome, thereby serving as the primary advisors to the Bishop of Rome (the Pope).
carnage, carnal
A pulpit is a raised stand for preachers in a Christian church. The origin of the word is the Latin pulpitum (platform or staging).
Consecration (thánh hiến) is the transfer of a person or a thing to the sacred sphere for a special purpose or service. The word consecration literally means "association with the sacred". consecrate something (v.): to state officially in a religious ceremony that something is holy and can be used for religious purposes
Book notation
The Book of Job, or simply Job, is a book found in the Ketuvim ("Writings") section of the Hebrew Bible and the first of the Poetic Books in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible.
The Twelve Minor Prophets (Hebrew: שנים עשר, Shneim Asar; Imperial Aramaic: תרי עשר, Trei Asar, "Twelve") (Ancient Greek: δωδεκαπρόφητον, "the Twelve Prophets"), or the Book of the Twelve, is a collection of prophetic books, written between about the 8th and 4th centuries BCE, which are in both the Jewish Tanakh and Christian Old Testament.
The Book of Jonah is one of the twelve minor prophets of the Nevi'im ("Prophets") in the Hebrew Bible, and an individual book in the Christian Old Testament.
The Book of Psalms (Sách Thánh Vịnh, Tin Lành gọi là Thi Thiên) romanized: Tehillīm, lit. 'praises'; also known as the Psalms, or the Psalter, is the first book of the third section of the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible) called Ketuvim ('Writings'), and a book of the Old Testament.
A parable (dụ ngôn) is a succinct, didactic story, in prose or verse, that illustrates one or more instructive lessons or principles. It differs from a fable in that fables employ animals, plants, inanimate objects, or forces of nature as characters, whereas parables have human characters. A parable is a type of metaphorical analogy.
Religon Terms
blaspheme báng bổ, xúc phạm thánh thần; "plasphemous" là adj.
Sodomy (kê gian), also called buggery in British English, principally refers to either anal sex (but occasionally also oral sex) between people, or any sexual activity between a human and another animal (bestiality).
heretic (Noun): kẻ dị giáo; heresy (Noun): dị giáo
sermon: a talk on a moral or religious subject, usually given by a religious leader during a service.
Sermon on the Mount
A parish (giáo xứ, họ đạo) is a territorial entity in many Christian denominations, constituting a division within a diocese (giáo phận).
discourse
sacrilegious: treating a holy thing or place without respect
infidel: (old-fashioned, disapproving) used in some religions, especially in the past, to refer in a disapproving way to people who do not follow that religion
hermit: a person who, usually for religious reasons, lives a very simple life alone and does not meet or talk to other people.
Pantheism (thuyết phiếm thần) is the philosophical and religious belief that reality, the universe, and nature are identical to divinity or a supreme entity.
evangelize (verb): truyền giáo; rao giảng phúc âm; to try to persuade people to become Christians
evangelization (N.); evangelizer
"Evangelion" refers to the gospel in Christianity, translated from the Greek word εὐαγγέλιον (euangélion, Latin: evangelium) meaning "Good News".
Trong Kitô giáo, Phúc Âm (tiếng Hy Lạp: εὐαγγέλιον euangélion, nghĩa là "tin tức vui mừng hay tốt lành"), còn gọi là Tin Mừng hay Tin Lành hay trong tiếng Việt cổ gọi là sách E-vang, là thông điệp về Nước Trời (Vương quốc của Thiên Chúa), và về sự chết và sự sống lại của Chúa Giêsu, cũng như về sự hòa giải của loài người với Thiên Chúa. Khái niệm này còn có thể bao gồm sự hiện xuống của Chúa Thánh Linh trên các tín hữu và sự trở lại của Chúa Giêsu.
Neon Genesis Evangelion: an anime seri
Providence: the protective care of God
providence: sự quan phòng, an influence that is not human in origin and is thought to control people's lives.
Divine providence: sự quan phòng của Thiên Chúa, the protective care of God or of nature as a spiritual power.
providential: (formal) lucky because it happens at the right time, but without being planned
Distinguish: provision; Divine intervention
schism: sự ly khai tôn giáo
chasm (N.)
abbey: a large church together with a group of buildings in which monks or nuns live or lived in the past
Westminster Abbey
profane: (formal) having or showing a lack of respect for God or religion
secular: thế tục; not connected with spiritual or religious matters worldly:
pagan: ngoại đạo, a person who holds religious beliefs that are not part of any of the world’s main religions
pious: having or showing a deep respect for God and religion
impious: (formal) showing a lack of respect for God and religion
piously
piety, diety, pity
fervent (adj): having or showing very strong and sincere feelings about something
devout
Fun Facts
8% dân số VN theo thiên chúa src
32% dân số Korean theo thiên chúa src